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Senin, 28 Maret 2011

Subjunctive


Subjunctive adalah suatu ungkapan yang menyatakan bahwa kita menyesali sesuatu yang tidak sesuai dengan yang kita inginkan ( bertentangan dengan faktanya )

Ada 3 bentuk subjunctive :
-          Wish
-          As if dan as though
-          Would rather

1 . wish
Ada 3 macam bentuk wish :

1.   Wish about future 
Wish about future adalah suatu pengandaian yang menunjukan future. Jika ingin membuat kalimat dalam bentuk subjunctive dari fakta yang ada, terdapat perubahan tenses. Yang perlu diingat adalah bentuk future akan menjadi past

Will akan menjadi would
Is going to akan menjadi was going to
Can akan menjadi could

Contoh :
-          My mother will not come
Kalimat ini adalah kalimat negative, sehingga bentuk pengandaian dengan wish harus menjadi kalimat positif. 
Future menjadi past :

I wish my mother would come
-          Mrs ela can not sing
Pengandaiannya
She wishes she could sing

2.   Wish about the present 
Suatu pengandaian yang menunjukkan present. Yang perlu diingat adalah bentuk present menjadi past. Semua to be ( is, am, are) akan menjadi were.
Sleep menjadi slept
Is singing menjadi were singing ( semua to be menggunakan were )

Contoh :

-          They come here
Kalimat ini positif, sehingga bentuk pengandaiannya dengan wish harus kalimat negative
We wish they didn’t come here
-          It is raining now
Pengandaiannya :
I wish it weren’t raining now

3.   Wish about the past
 Suatu pengandaian yang menunjukkan pas. Yang perlu diingat adalah bentuk simple pas menjadi past perfect

Contoh :
-          It is not true
Pengandaiannya :
They wish it were true
-          Mrs naming is not here now
Pengandaiannya :
We wish mrs naming were here now

  2. As if/ as though ( seolah – olah )

Disini simple present harus diubah menjadi simple past 
Simple past harus diubah menjadi past perfect

Contoh :
Mrs ngesti is not a child
Menjadi :
They talked to mrs ngesti as if she were a child


3.   Would rather
 Would rather adalah lebih suka. Disini menggunakan :

-          Subject + would rather + subject + verb2 (past tense)

Cth :  mr soni doesn’t come now
          Menjadi :
          I would rather mr soni same now

-          Subject + would rather + subject + had + verb3

Cth :  mrs rika didn’t come yesterday
          I would rather mrs rika had come yesterday

report


A report is use to describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made, and social phenomena in our environment. Reports classify our describe something , a combine harverter. Reports begin with a general statement which introduces the topic. In the description, fact ( parts, qualities, habits, and behavior of the subject ) may be descibed .

The generic structute of a report is based on Gerrot and Wignell ( 1994 ) :

-          General classification    : it tell what the phenomenon under discussionis
-          Description                  : it tell what the phenomenon under discussion is like                                       in term of :

a)   Parts and their function
b)   Qualities
c)   Habit/behavior or uses if non-natural

Recounts



Purpose             :  to tell the readers what happened in the past trough a sequence of events

Text organization personal recounts :
-          Orientation
( who were involved in the story, whwn, and where )
-          Event
( tell what happened in a chronological order )
-          Evaluation
( comments of the writer/speaker about the experience )
-          Re-orientation (optinal)
( the conclusion of the experience )
                       
                        Factual Recounts
-          Orientation
( who were involved in the story, whwn, and where )
-          Event
( tell what happened in a chronological order )

Language Features      -      the use of nouns and pronouns
( e .g : david, we, his )

-          The use of action verbs
(e.g : went, spent, played )
                        -   The use of Past tense
                            ( e.g : we went for a trip to the zoo )
-          The use of time conjunctions
( e.g : and, but, after, finnaly )
-          The use of adverbs and adverbs of prhases
( e.g : in my house, two days ago, slowly )
-          Adjectives ( beautiful, sunny )


Source : look ahead an English course 1 ( penerbit erlangga )

procedure

Purpose              :  To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions

Text organization
-          goal
( the final purpose of doing the instructions )
-          materials
( ingredients, utensils, equipment to the instructions )
-          steps
( a set to instructions to archieve the final purpose )                    

Language           -   use of imperative
( cut, don’t mix )

-          use of action verbs
(turn, put, mix )
                        -   use of connectives
                            ( first, then, finnaly )
-          use of adverbial phrases
( for five minutes, 2 centimeters )

Source : look ahead an English course 1 ( penerbit erlangga )

biography of picasso



Picasso was one of the most outstanding and important artist of the 1900’s. he is best known for his paintings. Almost every style in modern art is represented in picasso’s work.

Picasso was born in 1881 in Malaga, Spain as son of an art teacher. He studied painting with his father and also in Madrid.

From about 1895 to 1901 he painted realistic works in a traditionnal style. Then he entered what was called the blue period. During this time he only used shades of blue in his paintings to show poverty he saw in Barcelona.

After 1907, he entered into the style of cubism. Among his well-known cubbist paintings are “The Three Musicians” and “The man with a guitar” wich depict the desctruction of a Spanish town.
Picasso died in france in 1973.

news item

 Purpose                 :  to inform readers, listeners, or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Text organization 
-          Newsworthy events
( tell the events in a summary form )
-          Background events
( elaborates what happened, explains what caused the incident ) 
-          Sources
( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities, and experts involved in the events )

Language              -     information on the use of headlines
-          The use of action verbs ( e.g : bit. Attack, curb )
-          The use of saying verbs ( e.g : said. Added, claimed )
-          The use of passive sentences ( e.g : aceh was bit by a Tsunami in 2004 )
-          The use of adverbs in passive sentences ( e.g : the victims were badly injured )
                  

Source : look ahead an English course 1 ( penerbit erlangga )

narratives

Purpose                  :  To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experiences in difference ways. Narratives always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.

Text organization 
-          Orientation
( who were involved in the story, when, and where )
-          complication
( a problem arises followed by other problems )
-          Resolution
( solution to the problem )                      

Language              -      the use of nouns phrase
( a beautiful princess, a buge temple )

-          The use of connectives
(first, before that, then finnaly )
                        -    The use of Past tense
                            ( he walked away from the village )
-          The use action verbs
( walk, sleep, wake up )
-          The use saying verb
( say, tell, ask )
-          The use thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verb of senses
( she felt angry )

Source : look ahead an English course 1 ( penerbit erlangga )

descriptive

Purpose                                 :  to describe a particular person/thing

Text organization            
-          identification
( mention the name, occupation, profession, and career )
-          description
( mention the physical features, the way he/she dresses and his/ her personlity )   

Language           -      the use of adjectives and compound adjectives
( debby is brown-skinned )

-          the use of linking verbs
(she always appears young )
                       -      the use of attributive has and have
                               

Source : look ahead an English course 1 ( penerbit erlangga )

explanation


-         Social function

Explanation text explain how or why things happen. How pesticide affects farm productivity.
Expanation begins by identifying the phenomenon ( thing ) that will be explained. Then there is an explanation sequence which explains how things work.

The purpose of explanation text is to explain the processes involvedin the formation or workings of natural-curtural phenomena.

-           Generic structure

·         General statement : to position the reader
·         Sequenced explanation : why something occurs

-          Lexicorgrammatical features

·         Focus on generic human and non human participants
·         Use mainly of materials and realitional processes
·         Use mainly of temporal and causal circumstences and conjunction
·         Use of simple present tense
·         Some use of passive voiceto get theme right

Minggu, 27 Maret 2011

contoh dialog bahasa inggris sederhana


-          Love and embarrassment
heppy   : hi heppy, how are you doing ?
nita        : I’m very sad heppy
heppy   : why ?
nita        : because in my birthday I don’t have anything
heppy   : oohhhh nita,, don’t be sad, be happy friend.
  Because I want to give you a new dress.
Nita        : oh heppy, thank you. I love it
                  I love you heppy. You’re make me happy.
Heppy   : love you too nita. HAPPY BIRTHDAY


-          Sadness
Heppy   : nita, are you okay ?
                  You look so sad, did something happen ?
Nita        : yes, I feel so sad
                 I failed my exam, I got  5 for English test
Heppy   : don’t be sad. You can study hard again
Nita        : but I’ve already desprated
Heppy   : I feel a great sympathy for you
                  You must have positive thinking
Nita        : thanks for you attention
                 I will try study hard again
Heppy   : you’re welcome
               

causative

Causative verb adalah kata kerja yang berarti menyuruh/meminta seseorang melakukan suatu kegiatan tertentu atau dengan kata lain menyuruh atau meminta sesuatu untuk dilakukan.
Ada 2 macam causative verb yang perlu kita ketahui :
-          have-had-had                   ( menyuruh/meminta )
-          got-got-got                         ( menyuruh/meminta )

rumus 1 :
subject + have + object + verb I

contoh :
-          I have my brother wash car
( saya menyuruh saudara laki – laki saya mencuci mobil )
-          She has her daughter buy that bag
( wanita itu menyuruh anak perempuannya membeli tas itu )
-          They will have me study English
( mereka akan menyuruh saya belajar bahasa inggris )

Rumus 2 :
Subject + get + object + to + verb I

Contoh :
-          They got the servant to cook soup
( mereka menyuruh pembantu memasak sup )
-          Someone gets my brother to help her
( seseorang meminta ibu saya menolongnya )
-          Our teacher has got us to do the exercise
( guru kita telah menyuruh/meminta kita mengerjakan latihan )

Rumus 3 :
Subject + have/got + object + verb3

Contoh :
-          heppy had the lesson explained
( heppy menyuruh pelajaran itu diterangkan )
-          nita hasn’t got the car bought
( nita belum meminta mobil itu dibeli )
-          tejo got the telephone answered
( tejo meminta telepon itu dijawab )

Adverb


1.       Adverb of manner
Adalah kata keterangan kelakuan ( kata keteragan yang menerangkan bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan )

Contoh :

-          Slowly          
-          secretly
-          Fast               
-          quickly
-          Late              
-          well
-          Happily        
-          softly

2.       Adverb of palce and direction
Adalah kata keterangan tempat dan arah ( kata keterangn yang menerangkan dimana, dan kemana arah suatu kejadian, keadaan/pekerjaan dilakukan.

Contoh :

-          There           
-          outside
-          here
-          north, east
-          away
-          upstairs/downstair
-          Inside           
-          Abroad        
-          Everywhere




3.       Adverb of time
Adalah kata keterangan waktu ( kata keterangan yang menerangkan kapan suatu hal atau pekerjaan dilakukan )

Contoh :

-          Yesterday   
-          lately
-          Today           
-          recently
-          Soon             
-          next
-          Later             
-          immediately
-          how